GOALS IN WASTEWATER TREATMENT1

Within a few years all domestic wastewater effluents in the United States will be subjected to a minimum of a properly operated primary and secondary treatment process. This implies a very high degree of removal of the more readily biologically degradable material as measured by the BOD test. This practice will to a large degree negate the value of the BOD test as a pollution parameter. Organic carbon appears to be a more suitable means for determining the strength of a wastewater or for controlling the operation of physical and chemical treatment processes. Studies were conducted to determine the effect of time of passage on the ratio of organic carbon to BOD, COD and carbohydrate. The ratio was found to vary with both time and the state of the sample. The carbon content was reduced to a lesser degree than the other parameters. Organic carbon content appears to correlate better with COD than with BOD. The efficiency of a chemical precipitation process can be determined on the basis of organic carbon removal.     

活性污泥法的多变量最优控制Ⅲ.限制最高和同时限制平均与最高出水BOD浓度

在前文的基础上，进一步研究了更常用的在限制最高和同时限制平均与最高出水有机物浓度两种排放标准的约束条件下，使其运行费用最省的最优周期控制问题．计算结果都表明，最优控制变量ＱＷ和ＤＯ的变化规律都尽可能使其满足约束条件和节省运行费用，但是，当进水负荷变化幅度非常大时，任何控制也难于使出水水质达标，而运行费用还会大幅度增大．相对而言，同时限制平均与最高出水ＢＯＤ浓度是更合理的排放标准，它既有利于污水处理厂的运行管理又能有效地保护受纳水体．初始状态Ｓ（０）对最优控制的影响不大．而Ｘ（０）的影响较大，在本研究中，Ｘ（０）的最优值在２４００—２６００ｍｇ／Ｌ范围内．     

活性污泥法的多变量最优控制Ⅱ.限制有机物(BOD)的排放总量

着重研究了有限制有机物排放总量时，使其运行费用最低的最优周期控制问题。通过增加新的状态变量和用补偿函数法，将本课题的有约束条件问题化为无约束条件问题，并提出了最优长参数的动态搜索法来修改传统的梯度法，从而较完善地解决了多变量最优周期控制的计算问题。     

微核技术监测煤矿塌陷区水体水质污染的研究

用蚕豆微核技术对淮北煤矿塌陷区的水体水质进行监测，同时测定了水体的CODcr和BOD5c结果表明：淮北煤矿塌陷区水质已经受到轻、中度污染；蚕豆微核技术与CODcr、BOD5具有一定的相关性，同样可以指示水体污染程度。用蚕豆微核技术可以监测煤矿塌陷区水质污染。     

生化需氧量的测定及其影响因素

综述了ＢＯＤ５测定确定稀释倍数的各种方法，并对ＢＯＤ５测定的其它影响因素诸如稀释水接种、温度、溶解氧、振动及测定方法等进行了较为深入的探讨与总结。     

Remediation of a chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon in water by photoelectrocatalysis

Photoelectrocatalysis driven by visible light offers a new and potentially powerful technology for the remediation of water contaminated by organo-xenobiotics. In this study, the performance of a visible light-driven photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) batch reactor, applying a tungsten trioxide (WO₃) photoelectrode, to degrade the model pollutant 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) was monitored both by toxicological assessment (biosensing) and chemical analysis. The bacterial biosensor used to assess the presence of toxicity of the parent molecule and its breakdown products was a multicopy plasmid lux-marked E. coli HB101 pUCD607. The bacterial biosensor traced the removal of 2,4-DCP, and in some case, its toxicity response suggests the identification of transient toxic intermediates. The loss of the parent molecule, 2,4-DCP determined by HPLC, corresponded to the recorded photocurrents. Photoelectrocatalysis offers considerable potential for the remediation of chlorinated hydrocarbons, and that the biosensor based toxicity results identified likely compatibility of this technology with conventional, biological wastewater treatment.     

浅谈BOD_5的质量控制

接种稀释水是做好ＢＯＤ５质量控制的关键，根据不同的季节、不同的温度、不同深度的花园土，以得到较理想的接种稀释水。     

原生动物与BOD_5相关性的研究

本文着重研究了原生动物平衡期及密度与ＢＯＤ５浓度的相关性。研究结果表明，原生动物平衡期与ＢＯＤ５的浓度有着ｙ＝１５６２７·ｅ０２４０·ｘ的指数关系，相关性为显著相关；原生动物密度与ＢＯＤ５浓度有着ｙ＝１１３４＋００３６·ｘ的线性关系，相关性为高度相关     

医院污水中BOD测定稀释倍数的探讨

探讨了一种简便的医院污水ＢＯＤ测定中样品稀释倍数的推算方法。首先测定ＣＯＤＣｒ值，由ＣＯＤＣｒ值除以系数８，即获得稀释倍数Ｃ＝ＣＯＤＣｒ／８。结果表明，该法仅需配制一个稀释比，省时省力，并具有可靠性好，准确度高，适应性强等优点。适用于各种医院污水中ＢＯＤ的分析监测。     

Leachate from market refuse and biomethanation study

The market place is considered to be an important centre of daily life of campus community. In India, as in Europe and the USA, other forms of shopping have emerged significantly and now predominate, for instance department stores and supermarkets. Though, it is suffered from poor waste management, but the place could be a potential source for obtaining non-conventional energy. The present study examined the quality of market waste management of the Indian Institute of Technology Campus along with the feasibility of biogas production from leachate generated in the waste. Solid wastes from different storage locations of the market place were collected and analyzed. The characteristics of solid wastes were found to be degradable in nature. The wastes, composed of 85% of vegetable origin, were placed in a container and water was added to to generate leachate. The self-purification efficiency of leachate was also studied in the Indian environment and compared with research findings in the USA under an identical moisture application rate. Leachate characterization was investigated both under saturated and submerged conditions. The treatability of leachate was studied in a laboratory-scale up-flow anaerobic filter with hollow burnt clay rings as packing media. It was observed that 4,000–6,000 mg/l would be the optimum range of inlet chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration for leachate treatment because of the inhibitory effect of ammonia, sulphide, volatile fatty acids and toxic metals in high concentrations at higher strengths of leachate. The gas production rate was found to be at a maximum at 38°C and containing 70–75% methane. From experimental data, it was revealed that 83% COD was removed with input COD concentration of 5,475 mg/l at 2 days hydraulic retention time with biogas yield coefficients of 0.61. The present study also investigated the removal efficiency of chloride, ammonia, sulphide and nitrate.